The Discover of Dietary Vitamins

Vitamins are a 20th-century discovery. While people always felt properties of some foods were important to health before the opening decades of the 1900s, it wasnt until after the turn of the century that these factors were identified and synthesized. Discovery of Vitamins as a Factor In 1905, an Englishmen named William Fletcher became the first scientist to determine whether the removal of special factors, known as vitamins, from food would lead to diseases. Doctor Fletcher made the discovery while researching the causes of the disease Beriberi. Eating unpolished rice, it seemed, prevented Beriberi while eating polished rice did not.  Hence, Fletcher suspected that there were special nutrients contained in the husk of the rice removed during the polishing process that played a role.   In 1906, English biochemist Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins also found that certain food factors (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and minerals) were important to growth in the human body: his work led to his receiving (together with Christiaan Eijkman) the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In 1912, Polish scientist Cashmir Funk named the special nutritional parts of food a vitamine after vita, which meant life,  and amine from compounds  found in the thiamine he isolated from rice husks. Vitamine was later shortened to vitamin. Together, Hopkins and Funk formulated the vitamin hypothesis of deficiency disease, which asserts that a lack of vitamins could make you sick. Specific Vitamin Discoveries Throughout the 20th century, scientists were able to isolate and identify the various vitamins found in food. Here is a short history of some of the more popular vitamins. Vitamin A (a group of fat-soluble retinoids, including retinol, retinal, and retinyl esters)  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Elmer V. McCollum and Marguerite Davis discovered Vitamin A around 1912 to 1914. In 1913, Yale researchers Thomas Osborne and Lafayette Mendel discovered that butter contained a fat-soluble nutrient soon known as vitamin A. Vitamin A was first synthesized in 1947.  Vitamin B (known as biotin, a water-soluble vitamin that helps the body convert carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy)—Elmer V. McCollum also discovered Vitamin B sometime around 1915–1916.Vitamin B1 (also known as thiamine, a water-soluble  B vitamin that plays a critical role in energy metabolism) —Casimir Funk discovered Vitamin B1 (thiamine) in 1912.Vitamin B2 (also known as riboflavin, an important role in energy production, cellular function, and metabolism)— D. T. Smith, E. G. Hendrick discovered B2 in 1926. Max Tishler invented methods for synthesizing the essential vitami n B2.Niacin—American Conrad Elvehjem discovered Niacin in 1937.Folic acid— Lucy Wills  discovered Folic acid in  1933.Vitamin B6 (six compounds which are extremely versatile and primarily work on protein metabolism)— Paul Gyorgy discovered Vitamin B6 in 1934.Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, required for the biosynthesis of collagen)—In 1747, Scottish naval surgeon James Lind discovered that a nutrient in citrus foods prevented scurvy.  It was re-discovered and identified by Norwegian researchers  A. Hoist and T. Froelich in 1912. In 1935, Vitamin C became the first vitamin to be artificially synthesized. The process was invented by Dr. Tadeusz Reichstein of the Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich.Vitamin D (promotes calcium absorption in the gut and enable bone mineralization)— In 1922, Edward Mellanby discovered Vitamin D while researching a disease called rickets.  Vitamin E (important anti-oxidant)— In 1922, University of Californi a researchers Herbert Evans and Katherine Bishop discovered Vitamin E in green leafy vegetables.   Coenzyme Q10 In a report called â€Å"Coenzyme Q10 - The Energizing Antioxidant,† issued by Kyowa Hakko USA, a physician named Dr. Erika Schwartz MD wrote: Coenzyme Q10 was discovered by Dr. Frederick Crane, a plant physiologist at the University of Wisconsin Enzyme Institute, in 1957. Utilizing specialized fermentation technology developed by Japanese manufacturers, cost-effective production of CoQ10 began in the mid-1960s. To this day, fermentation remains the dominant production method around the globe. In 1958, Dr. D.E. Wolf, working under Dr. Karl Folkers (Folkers leading a team of researchers at Merck Laboratories), first described the chemical structure of coenzyme Q10. Dr. Folkers later received the 1986 Priestly Medal from the American Chemical Society for his research on coenzyme Q10. Source Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets. National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements

Analysis Of Herbert David Kelleher Co. Air Southwest

On March 15, 1967 Herbert David Kelleher co-founded Air Southwest Co. incorporated. The year of 1971 was a game changer as Lamar Muse joined Air Southwest as President and Air Southwest changed its name to Southwest Co. The mission and vision of Air Southwest during this time was to eliminate unnecessary services and to utilize secondary airports in order to offer the lowest fares in the industry. Fast-forward to 2016 and Herb has stepped down as the chairman for Southwest, the mission however is still the same, dedication to provide the highest level of customer while delivering a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit. Which embodies the values Southwest has exhibited for years and that’s to live the Southwest Way, to have a warrior spirit, a servant’s heart, a fun-LUVing attitude, and to work the Southwest way. In order to ensure a successful merger, Southwest must ensure that the current culture is maintained regarding both organizations and to merge the benefits and compensation plans. Completing such as task will require cultivation of talents and to preserve its business culture. Expanding Southwest Airlines to accommodate AirTran means discussing the strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats regarding the expansion of such a sizable merger. Lastly, a merger of this magnitude will require recruiting and hiring to address the expansion level impact and minimize error. SWOT Analysis A SWOT analysis is a calculated planningShow MoreRelatedSouthwest Airline Strategic Audit11701 Words   |  47 PagesEcole supà ©rieure libre des sciences commerciales appliquà ©es (ESLSCA) Strategic Management Paper Southwest Airline Strategic Audit Prepared By : Hesham Gamal El Din El Desouky Mohamed Dandash Wael Youssef Professor : Dr. Saneya El Galaly Group : 21-A Table Of Contents I. 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Strategic Report Within Producer Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Report for Within Producer Organizations. Answer: Introduction: The worlds largest mining company is BHP Billiton (2013 census) in terms of revenue collection, as well it is the largest business organization of Australian economy. BHP Billiton come leading on the list when it comes to iron ore mining. The mining organization focuses to generate sustainable value by the discovery, possession, improvement and promotion of natural resources. The organization reported of earning a profit of US$ 7.8billion in the financial year of 2013, which was a significant growth of 31% from the previous fiscal year. The mining company has also a net revenue profit of A$140 billion (1985-2013) (Bhpbilliton.com, 2016). However, the organization is known for its transparency has paid a total amount of $76 billion of taxes. It is a dual listed company with both shares of Anglo-Australian corporate organization. BHP Billiton documented the require to raise the effectiveness and visibility of efficiency management processes throughout all of their operations to make su re nonstop effectiveness with governmental and administrative laws as well as corporate principles and site commitments. BHP Billiton is presently facing human resources management challenge issues affecting the operationsThere are a lack of trained staff to work on the mining sites. In this report, the author is conducting a internal analysis of BHP Billiton to explore the competencies, cost positioning and competitive advantage of the organization. It will assess to identify the strength, weakness, opportunity and threats of BHP Billiton. Internal Environment Analysis: The initial business of BHP Billiton was smelting lead and tin. Currently, the mining giant mainly operates a extensive range of mining, doling out and oil and gas fabrication operations. BHP Billiton is the mining business organisation, which is experiencing a sustainable growth despite economic slowdown and turmoil. In 2015 financial year, the organization set new records in terms of production. It is present in 25 countries throughout the world and has total workforce strength of 41,000 human resources. The main mining ores are Coal, Petroleum, Copper, Potash and Copper. As the organization has huge existence in mining sites, so there is a invariable need for trained workforce to work in the mines. Recently, the mining sites of BHP Billiton were facing a shortfall of trained employees who are compatible to work in mines. There was an ongoing struggle between the management and the workers and was followed by strikes by labor unions. The disagreement and strikes caused a depression in global coal-consuming markets since the BMA-operated mines generate more than 58 million metric tons per annum, which comprises about a fifth of the yearly global coal trade. The VRIO framework The instrument for evaluatation of the business internal assets and capabilities assess if they can be a foundation of persistent competitive gain. To recognize the business organizations competitive advantage marketers uses different tools and techniques to analyze the external; and internal environmental factors like POTERS 5 Force, SWOT, PESTEL etc. VRIO framework is a marketing tool used to analyze the internal resources and their competiveness for the business organization. (Stead Stead, 2013). Figure: VRIO Framework Source: Created by author Value: This assess if the available resources available in the system is useful for the organization to gain competitive advantage or is not compatible. Rare: Products or services that only produced or served only by limited sources or organizations regarded as rare. Rare resources have competitive advantage in the market, as they are unique. Cost to Imitate: A resource is expensive to copy if other businesses that do not have it cannot copy or replace with it at a cheaper value. Replication can take place in two ways: by openly imitating, (duplicate) the product or service or providing the similar kind of product or service (substituting). A business organization that has expensive, rare and precious to copy resources can (but not essentially will) attain continued competitive advantage. Understanding Value: To create value of the resource of an organization, it should organize the process, structure, organizational values and principles to realize the potential of its resources and capabilities. In process, it can stop from duplicity in resources. Only then, the organizations can accomplish sustained competitive advantage. In this scenario, the analysis should done if the current market demand is more or less than the total produced ore and what could be done to increase sustainable demand in the market. On the other hand, is there enough number of trained staffs to operate in the mining sites. It is essential continuously review the worth of the available resources since of altering market that affect the external as well as the internal factor of an organization. Also regarding rarity of the resources, BHP should concentrate on maintaining quality of the mined ores to maintain the rarity of the quality of the product. Rarity helps a business organization to build brand loyalty and trust among consumers. By assess VRIO; BHP will understand the true value of its resources and the competency areas where it needs to focus for effective organizational process. Value Chain Analysis A business organizations internal analysis is the study of the value chain, which constitutes the financial reports, and analysis of potential threat, strength opportunity and threat before strategically plan for organizational process and implications. It is a tool to formulate the possible strategies to generate greater value for the customers. In business, resources are purchased and inputted, and to "addvalue" to them by turning producing something of value customers. Supply chain managing is the major cost drivers designed for the trade and account supervision is a chief purpose of the enterprise. The BHP Billiton business organization has occupied by the five value chain primary activities: supply chain management, operations, distribution, sales and marketing, and service. (Gamble Thompson, 2014). All through the business organization, size is concerned it can engage in bulk goods and accomplishes delivery competence; on the other hand, transportation and carrying costs have increased drastically because of the high cost of fuel (Eden Ackermann, 2013). The organization has invested heavily to achieve efficiency in operational functions as most of the sites are situated in the southern hemisphere and customers are located mostly at north part of the globe. The management has suitably developed trained task force to ensure healthy and safety of the employees maintain safety standards. There is a rising issue faced by the mining giant, increasing cost of skilled labors in the market. The management has wanted to work with the Western Australia Government to increase government interventions for new labor training. Despites all steps, labor costs have been raising because of the constant scarcity of skilled mine labors. (Bhpbilliton.com, 2016) The organization has a strong organizational structure and communication process. Although the organizations sustainable progress strategy is comprehensible still more efforts in building public relations for stronge r case for BHP corporate citizenship. Culture Every organization is unique unlike every individual. Organizational culture is the process of sharing hypothesis, values, principles and beliefs, which rules how employees behave in an organization. These collective principles include a well-built authority on the employees in the business and order how they gear, proceed, and execute their jobs. All organization builds up and sustains a exclusive traditions, which provides strategy and limitations for the activities of the employees of the organization. Organizational culture has seven uniqueness. all organization has a diverse significance for every uniqueness, which, once combine, explains the organization's distinctive culture. Associates of organizations create decision lying on the assessment on these characteristics, and subsequently regulate their performance to equal this perceived set of principles. The seven characteristics are behavior, words, customs, traditions, belief, values, assumptions and thought process. BHP Billiton has a unique culture and the management is very significant in maintaining the corporate culture at BHP Billiton. Strategic Issue: In the year 2001, Billiton merged with the BHP to form a new business organization BHP Billiton. It has successfully faced and accepted challenges and issues in the market. It is one of the market leaders in value added flat steel products. Brian Gilbertson ofBillitonwas chosen the CEO of BHP Billiton but just six months afterward, he resigned which was a consequence of successive board disagreements. Therefore, there was a sudden turmoil in the management of BHP Billiton and there was a lack of leadership and management in the organization for a very short period. However, the organization quickly got in tracks when in 2003 Chip Goodyear was elected as the new CEO and he served the organization until he was retired in 2007. Marius Kloppersis the current CEO of BHP Billiton (Bhpbilliton.com, 2016). Conclusion: The above report was performed by author to conduct a in depth critical analysis of the internal environment of NHP Billiton. In the report, it is discussed that resources and assets that a business has for conducting activities and processes comparative to its business definition, business mission and goals and objectives. An internal analysis of BHP Billiton conducted to evaluate the organizations specific uniqueness, including its assets, capability, and core values. Finally, competitive market in the globalization era, BHP have to identify the current issues and threats for the organization and strategize that will assess the organizational growth and development and will ensure value to the business as well assist to face challenges with the financial down turn. Reference: Bhpbilliton.com. (2016). BHP Billiton | Strategic Report. [online] Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/investors/annualreporting2015/strategic-report [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Eden, C., Ackermann, F. (2013).Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Elbehri, A., Lee, M., Hirsch, C., Benali, M. (2013).GAIN methodology: diagnosis and design of change processes within producer organizations. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Evans, N., Stonehouse, G., Campbell, D. (2012).Strategic management for travel and tourism. Taylor Francis. Gamble, J. E., Thompson Jr, A. A. (2014).Essentials of strategic management. Irwin Mcgraw-Hill. Grant, R. M. (2015).Contemporary Strategy Analysis 9e Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Hill, C., Jones, G., Schilling, M. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Stead, J. G., Stead, W. E. (2013).Sustainable strategic management. ME Sharpe. Swayne, L. E., Duncan, W. J., Ginter, P. M. (2012).Strategic management of health care organizations. John Wiley Sons.

With Love EP by Mya free essay sample

Longevity is a gift only a select few possess. RB songstress Mya, a 16 year veteran of the music business, has shown that shes got that. Usually moving from major to independent would mean the end of an artists career. But shes managed to not only make the best of being an indie artist but thrive as one. With two albums under her belt since this change in 2008, Mya looks well on her way to releasing her third. But first, shes released a new EP in honor of Valentines Day and the 1998 release of her debut single, Its All About Me. Entitled With Love, the EP takes on a more R sound than her last few releases (much to relief of her many early fans, Id think). With Love also showcases a mature and confident Mya telling her man what she wants in a dont ask questions manner. We will write a custom essay sample on With Love EP by Mya or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So, steamy? Very much so. Space, the opener, is a bona fide throwback track. Modeling the sound of her 1998 debut, Mya, its 90s RB vibe, along with some modern touches, is absolutely infectious. Subject wise, the hook of the song sums it up: dont give me (space, space, space, space, space)/suffocate me with all your love/elevate me with just one touch. Do It embodies a modern take on hip hop soul, replacing the hip hop with its millennial subgenre, trap. The aggressive title serves its purpose, reminding the listener that shes not afraid to be racy with her descriptions. House Party, a pop-infused R piece, is the laidback cousin of both those tracks. It also solidifies its uniqueness by being slightly more subtle lyrically. Like a Woman is different as well, in stark contrast to be exact. Not only does it visit a vulnerable department of the love theme, it is performed unplugged (her only accompaniment is guitar). The acoustic approach gets Mya (as the British would say) top marks for what could be her strongest vocal performance yet. With Love is solid, refreshing, and exciting. If this four-track EP is a teaser of whats to come from her in 2014, Mya could be in for another successful year.